Jeanne Hoff (1938 – 2023) psychiatrist

++original September 2013, revised February 2019 to include extra detail from Gill-Peterson's book, and December 2023 to acknowledge Jeanne's passing.

Eugene Hoff  was born in in St Louis.  Hoff did an MD at Columbia University, College of Physicians And Surgeons 1963 followed by a doctorate in solid state chemistry at University College, London (where he also converted to Catholicism), followed by training and a residency as a psychiatrist at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri.

Hoffinitially thought of himself as homosexual, but in exploring homosexuality found out that he was not. He was introduced to the Harry Benjamin practice, possibly by Wardell Pomeroy of the Kinsey Institute.

Hoff was a guest on the NBC television program Not for Women Only where he (as she was still) explained transsexualism from a medical viewpoint referring to trans women as 'men' as was the then practice.

"You can say that you know that you are a woman, therefore you want to be one. But no woman I have ever asked has been able to tell me what that means, and I doubt that transsexuals will be the first to define it."

Harry Benjamin's successor Charles Ihlenfeld resigned the practice in 1976 to begin a psychiatric residency in the Bronx, and Hoff took over.  This was Hoff's first clinical practice other than the residency in St Louis.  The practice was being managed under the aegis of the Orentreich Medical Group, a dermatology and hair restoration practice, which was located at in the same building as the Benjamin practice at 1 East 72nd St. It was then still administered by Benjamin's office manager and assistant Virginia Allen.

Hoff fired Virginia, the nurse, Mary Ryan, and the physician, Agnes Nagy, and pleased Dr Orentreich by moving the practice downtown to a townhouse behind the Chelsea Hotel, at 223 West 22nd Street.

In this period Dr Hoff confronted the homophobic psychiatrist Charles Socarides in a television debate and challenged his reactionary views that homosexuality can be cured by psychoanalysis. 

Hoff was starting her own transition.

 
Her best known patient was the punk musician Jayne County, who wrote in her autobiography: 

"When I walked into the consulting room for my appointment, I nearly fainted: Dr Jean Hoff was a man who was going through the sex change himself. She looked like a woman in man's clothes, she wore men's clothes and no make-up, and she had short hair that was just beginning to grow out. Later on she went through the full change, changed her name to Janine Hoffand got her own practice.   

The best thing about Dr Hoff was that she kept asking me questions about myself over and over again, to make sure that I really knew what I wanted. She'd say things like, 'Do you think you'd ever go back to wearing men's clothes?' and I'd say, Yeah, sometimes I see a jacket I like and think it might be fun to wear.'  At the time I was talking to her about the full sex change, but I was really quite afraid, and I thought it would cut me offfrom all my folks. She said to me, 'Look, there are different degrees of transsexualism. You are a transsexual, but not all transsexuals have a full sex change. Some people are better offjust taking hormones and dressing as a woman. There are some transsexuals who go back to dressing as men. There are so many different degrees, and you shouldn't just assume that because you are transsexual you have to have a sex change. You should only get a sex change if you are one hundred and twenty five per cent sure about it. If you have the least hesitation about it, don't do it.'  That was one of the best pieces of advice anyone ever gave me. Dr Hoff also said that, given the kind of circles I was moving in, there really wasn't much need for me to have a sex change." 

Becoming Jeanne, 1979

Hoff completed her transition to Jeanne with surgery with Dr Granato in 1977. She was interviewed at home by Lynn Redgrave and Frank Fields immediately before surgery and two months afterwards. The resulting television program "Becoming Jeanne" won the prestigious Ohio State Broadcasting award in 1979.

It was now the case that for the first time a trans psychiatrist was in charge of a practice for trans persons. Gill-Peterson comments:

"Though the medical model was still based in gatekeeping and an unacknowledged racialization of gender, Hoff cared deeply about the well-being of her clients to a degree that is viscerally embedded in the archive she gifted to the Kinsey Institute. Her work demonstrates a level of empathy entirely absent from transsexual medicine since its advent—not to mention its predecessors in the early twentieth century— an ethic of care that, although greatly constrained by the material circumstances and history of psychiatry and endocrinology, was also entangled with her situated perspective as a trans woman. It is important to underline that Hoff represents yet another trans person who took an active and complicated role in medicine, rather than being its object."

Gill-Peterson has read Hoff's interview notes in her archive papers at the Kinsey Institute, and comments:

"Because she took the time to interview them without only reducing what they said to standard diagnostic biographies, her notes offer comparatively richer glimpses into trans boyhood than those of her predecessors." 

 

In 1978 Hoff became aware of a young black trans woman, then 30, who had been committed to a psychiatric Institution in New Jersey for 15 years.  Initially labeled  ‘schizophrenic’, her gender identity issues were taken as evidence of ‘delusion’, ‘mental retardation’ and ‘sexual perversion’. Hoff interviewed her, and petitioned for her release.

“Through all the florid language of the [psychiatric] reports there is an unmistakable moralistic disapproval of her effeminacy and homosexuality but not the slightest hint that the diagnosis of transsexualism was suspected, even though it was quite evident from the details provided. . . . She should be placed in the community, preferably living by herself” and “she should be permitted to explore the various problems that arise from cross-gender living, hormonal therapy, and surgical gender reassignment.” (quoted in Gill-Peterson)

However by 1980 there were few patients left in the practice, and Hoff had already taken a job in a psych ward in Brooklyn. The next year she sold the building on West 22nd St and moved away, first to Massachusetts and then California.

She became a psychiatrist at San Quentin prison. She was in the news in April-May 1998 when she was the only one of three psychiatrists to testify that murderer Horace Kelly might be competent to be executed, and the defense attorney attempted to impeach Hoff.

She retired after being assaulted during a counseling session by a death-row inmate.

In 2013 she donated her archives to the Kinsey Institute.

Jeanne Hoff died at age 85. 

• "Masculine, Feminine or Androgynous?" Not for Women Only. WNBC 1976  hosted by Polly Bergen and Frank Fields, produced by Madeline Amgott.  Archive 
  
• Becoming Jeanne…A Search for Sexual Identity. NBC 30 June 1978. Jeanne Hoff interviewed by Lynn Redgrave and Frank Fields.
  
• Kathleen Casey.  "Gay Catholics Hear Transsexual's Story".  Asbury Park Press, October 10, 1978: 23. 
• Jeanne Hoff. "Multiple personality disorder?" The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 48(4), Apr 1987. 
• Jayne County with Rupert Smith. Man Enough to be a Woman. London: Serpent's Tail, 1995: 99-100.
• Michael Dougan. "Killer's mental records turn up". SFGate, April 17, 1998. Online,
  
• Maria L LaGanga. "Killer Understands He Faces Execution, Prosecutor Says". Los Angeles Times, May 01, 1998. Online.
  
• Michael Dougan. "Sanity trial outcome rests with minutiae". SFGate, May 5, 1998. Online.
  
• Sara Catania. "The Alienists: Where experts divide, jury must decide". LAWeekly, May 13 1998.  Archive.
  
• Andy Humm. "Socarides, Leading Anti-Gay Shrink, Dies". Gay City, 4,52 Dec 29-Jan 4, 2005. 
  
• "Jeanne Hoff Archive". The Kinsey Institute. Online. 
  
• SJ Parker. Emails to Zagria, 15,17 September 2013.
• Julian Gill-Peterson. Histories of the Trangender Child. University of Minnesota Press, 2018: 159-160, 171, 174, 192-3, 248n105, 251n32, 252n45, 253n79-82, 254n84-5.
• Andy Humm.  "Jeanne Hoff, first trans psychiatrist to serve trans people, dies at 85".  Gay City News, December 5, 2023.  Online. 

____________________________________________________________________________

Although Horace Kelly's lawyer subpoenaed Hoff's prison personnel file in an attempt to impeach her, he presumably hadn't heard rumours that she was transsexual, didn't find it in the file and didn't read her.   Otherwise he probably would have used it to defame her.   She had been in the 1978 television special under the same name, but that was 20 years earlier.   Before the Internet it was much more difficult to make connections.

Jeanne was also, in effect, outed in Jayne County's 1995 autobiography, but presumably the lawyer didn't read punk biographies.  

+++ Other sources led me to write that Hoff left New York in 1981, having sold her building at 223 West 22nd Street.  Gill-Peterson writes that she stayed in practice through the 1980s.  ??

San Quentin Prison, California

(All photographs within the prison via the Digital Transgender Archive)

San Quentin is one of the world’s best-known prisons. It is the oldest and largest in California, and the only one in the state where executions have been done. It is known for recorded concerts by Johnny Cash and BB King.

The prison was opened in 1852. It was so named as it is located on San Quentin Point. That, also, is not named for the 3^rd century saint in Gaul. It is named for a renowned sub-chief of the Coast Miwok first nation.

There has been more drag and trans at San Quentin than you might expect.

See also: Trans in prison which I wrote in November 2012.

Part I: to the conviction of Oscar Wilde

Part II: to Stonewall

Part III: to Farmer v. Brennan

Part IV: to the Synthia Kavanagh Human Rights Case

Part V: to the National Offender Management Service, New prison guidelines, 2011

Part VI: Comments & Bibliography

1914

Artie Baker, 14 years for bank robbery, San Francisco, was in San Quentin for some time before being discovered to be female-bodied. (Peter Boag. Re-dressing America's Frontier Past, 2012: 211)

Prison Vaudeville Show featured cross-dressed prisoners.

1915

Prison Vaudeville Show again featured cross-dressed prisoners.

1930

The 17th annual field meet held at San Quentin in 1930 when James B. Holohan was the acting warden. Olympic Club member, Frank G. Kane, was Master of Ceremonies. The entertainers depicted are San Quentin inmates; the cross-dressers were a popular attraction.

1933

20th Annual Olympic Club Track & Field Meet at San Quentin prison was sponsored by the Olympic Club of San Francisco. Prison inmates held a field and track day. Consisted of some 29 athletic events, stunts, chorus girls and vaudeville acts performed by prisoners. Some 5000 inmates attended.

1940

• Leo L.Stanley & Evelyn Wells. Men at Their Worst. By L. L. Stanley ... with the collaboration of Evelyn Wells. Illustrated. [The autobiography of the Chief Surgeon of the California State Prison, St. Quentin.], 1940: 203. Dr Stanley relates that while examining an apparently male prisoner, he discovered that the prisoner had been surgically transformed into a woman.

1950

Josephine Montgomery was arrested and convicted of strong-arm robbery. After two months in the women’s wing of the Imperial county jail, and one night in the women’s prison at Tehachapi, a routine physical exam resulted in a transfer to a man’s cell at San Quentin. NewsArticle.

1972

Katherine Marlowe, author of Mr Madame, 1964, met her future husband while lecturing at San Quentin prison, and finally transitioned to female in 1972. (Richard Nelson. Call Me Kate: The Story of Katherine Marlowe, a Transexual, 1999)

1980

Guthrie Danowski, 24, who was serving a life sentence at the prison, apparently slipped into some of his wife's clothing in a restroom of the crowded prison visiting room. His wife arrived at the prison early in the day, checking out two hours after her arrival. About five hours after that, San Quentin officials realized that Danowski was missing. (The Gateway, 2,12, June 1980: 9. Online)

1990

Janet Kolmetz on death row at San Quentin – at that time the only known trans woman in San Quentin. (TV-TS Tapestry, 55, 1990: 15-6. Online)

1998

Jeanne Hoff, the last doctor at Harry Benjamin’s practice, had become returned to being a psychiatrist after transition in the 1980s, and was employed at San Quentin. She was in the news in April-May 1998 when she was the only one of three psychiatrists to testify that murderer Horace Kelly might be competent to be executed, and the defense attorney attempted to impeach Hoff. Although Horace Kelly's lawyer subpoenaed Hoff's prison personnel file in an attempt to impeach her, he presumably hadn't heard rumors that she was transsexual, didn't find it in the file and didn't read her. Otherwise he probably would have used it to defame her. She had been in a 1978 television special under the same name, but that was 20 years earlier. Jeanne was also named as trans in Jayne County's 1995 autobiography, but presumably the lawyer didn't read punk biographies. GVWW.

2008

• Stuart Cabb (dir). Louis Theroux: Behind Bars, with Deborah Worledge. UK BBC 60 mins 2008. Deborah was filmed shortly before her release on Sept. 2, 2008. Two days after release she was dead from a drug overdose.

2009

Skylar Deleon, who had killed to be able to afford transgender surgery, arrived at San Quentin death row.

2014

Mandi Camille Hauwert,  Correctional Officer at San Quentin. One of the first US Correctional Officers to transition on the job. Another is Meghan Frederick who works at the state prison in Sacramento.

2015

Lady Jae Clark, who came out in 1973 and has been in San Quentin since 2013, was the first trans woman to play Lady Macbeth in San Quentin’s production of the play. Newsarticle.  She co-founded a program called Acting with Compassion and Truth (ACT) in San Quentin to increase understanding and decrease violence toward LGBTQ inmates. Newsarticle.

Trans woman at San Quentin approached the Insight Prison Project. They asked for support for the formation of Acting with Compassion and Truth (ACT) at San Quentin. They didn’t want a support group. “We live our lives here every day surrounded by thousands of people who have been for the last 20 or 30 years who haven’t had exposure to the evolution that we know is happening out there.” A year-long curriculum was set up. Newsarticle.

Shiloh Heavenly Quine, incarcerated at Mule Creek State Prison was approved for transgender surgery, which set a precedent so that other trans inmates in California could hope.

• Kristin Schreier Lyseggen,. The Women of San Quentin: Soul Murder of Transgender Women in Male Prisons. 2015: 109 – 136. About trans women in prisons, but most are not in San Quentin, despite the title of the book.

2018

Lisa Strawn who transitioned at age 18, but has been in men’s prisons for 25 years following a three-strikes burglary charge, who had helped establish an LGBTQ group at Vacaville prison, was transferred to San Quentin and joined ACT. Newsarticle.

2019

The LGBTQ education program was replicated on death row. Newsarticle.

First TDOR at San Quentin’s Catholic Chapel emceed by Lisa Strawn, the first such in a California prison. Newsarticle.

Child killer death row inmate Jessica Hann filed for change of name and legal gender.

Trans in Prison: Part VI: Comments & Bibliography

Part I: to the conviction of Oscar Wilde
Part II: to Stonewall
Part III: to Farmer v. Brennan
Part IV: to the Synthia Kavanagh Human Rights Case
Part V: to the National Offender Management Service, New prison guidelines, 2011
Part VI: Comments & Bibliography

Prison, like sports (which I documented in August) is predicated on the gender binary only more so than normal life. Thus the existence of trans and intersex persons presents a problem that both of them attempted for a long time to ignore, but are now having to come to terms with.

This is a large topic, and I am sure that I have missed much, especially in non-English-speaking countries.

Prisoner is of course a term encompassing much variety. Some prisoners are in for nasty crimes, others for petty crimes that result from living as trans but unable to get any legal form of work. Others, more so in earlier years, are simply charged either with transvesting or with homosexuality.

It did seem for a while, with the pioneering examples of Shelly Ball and Synthia Kavanagh, that Canada was leading the world on the issue of trans in prisons. However Katherine Johnson was in the same prisons at the same time, and was unable to get treatment. Canada's lead was an illusion without substance, and the reactionary government of Stephen Harper (2006-15) cut off all funding.

Judges and prison administrators have 6 options re convicted trans persons:

1. Locate them as per birth gender, ignore their current appearance and genitals, and put them in with the general population and ignore whatever abuse happens. This was common practice until fairly recently.
   
2. Locate them as per their current genitals. Most North American and European prisons are now doing this. This allows post-operative women to go to women's prisons and allows trans men without phalloplasty to also go to women's prisons. However pre-op and non-op trans women are put at great risk of being abused. The young and the poor are very likely to be in this last group.
   
3. Create separate wings or even separate prisons for trans (and possibly gay) prisoners. In the US this has evolved at Vacaville, Rikers Island and the Edna Mahan Correctional Facility, although both of the former two were discontinued in 2005. It will be interesting to see what happens with the trans-only prison at Emploi in Tuscany.
   
4. Put trans prisoners, who elect or who complain of being raped, in 23-hour-per-day lockdown solitary confinement. Such confinement is mainly intended as punishment for violent prisoners and understandably trans prisoners put up with being raped rather than opt for this alternative. This is the policy at Rikers Island since 2005.
   
5. To not send convicted trans person to jail unless their crime is very serious. This option was being followed by judges in the UK until the New Prison Guidelines came out last year. Not surprisingly writers for The Daily Mail were having conniptions over the practice.
   
6. Locate them as per legal gender. The England & Wales: National Offender Management Service, Ministry of Justice issued New prison guidelines is an amazing step forward. Genitals are not to be checked. If the inmate is unable to produce a revised birth certificate or a Gender Recognition Certificate, the Gender Recognition Panel may be consulted. As per the stated fear of some that the cis women inmates could be at risk, the Guidelines carefully state: "There are some women who are guilty of violent crimes against other women and are still managed safely in the female estate. Any transsexual women with a gender recognition certificate who pose similar risks should be managed in a similar way in the female estate." Young transsexuals who have not yet applied for a Gender Recognition Certificate will have difficulty in being designated as female, but non-acceptance for NHS surgery and/or being unable to afford private surgery will not have to go to a male prison for that reason. At the same time the Guidelines allow trans men to choose to be in a women's prison. So far this approach is in England and Wales only. The non-imprisonment that was upsetting The Daily Mail has ended. This approach can easily be adopted by countries with Gender Recognition Laws: Spain, Portugal, Argentina, and probably also countries like Germany and Sweden. However it cannot be adopted where legal gender is provincially defined. We saw in the case of Tania Veilleux that Quebec's recognition of her gender was not honoured by the national Correctional Service of Canada.
   

Some feminist organizations have been getting in a tizzy about killers and abusers of women being put in women's prisons. There is a superficial argument for this in that the early examples of trans prisoners being given surgery and transferred have been John Pilley, Maddison Hall, Sherri Masbruch and Michelle Kosilek. One would have thought that the prison authorities would have experimented with inmates without a conviction of violence first, and considered these candidates only later. That is of course if they were sincere in wanting a program of surgery and transfer to actually work. However if they hold the program in contempt and want it to fail, then these are ideal inmates to start the program with. It is of course true that short-term convicts are less likely to apply for surgery and transfer: their aim is to get out of prison as soon as possible and get on with their transition. In general non-violent convicts get shorter sentences. However Deirdre Farmer got 38 years for passing bad cheques.

In addition, as mentioned in (6) above: "There are some women who are guilty of violent crimes against other women and are still managed safely in the female estate." Some cis women are as much a threat to other women as Pilley, Hall, Masbruch and Kosilek.

I included a few items about cis women being raped by male guards. As a feminist, and as a human being, I think that it is appalling that there are male guards in women's prisons. 95% of inmates are male, and so male guards do not need to be in female prisons for their career development. The frequency of cis women prisoners being raped by male guards is a serious problem, and statistically is enormously higher than being raped by a trans woman. I google searched GenderTrender for this topic and found absolutely nothing. What do we make of that?

The US is the first county to count more rapes of men than of women. However it is very unlikely to be the only one. We certainly have no statistics on prison rape in say Brazil or Turkey. So kudos to the US for starting to discuss the problem.

It was accepted in the 19^th century that cis women should be segregated from male prisoners, especially as male prisoners are so more numerous. Cis women being absent, the more aggressive and horny of the men are willing to use trans women instead, and of course trans women should either be segregated (but not in solitary confinement) or in women's prisons. That will help trans women, but of course will not solve the problem of prison rape. Without either cis or trans women, certain male prisoners, the slightly-built, the better looking, the presumed to be gay, are designated as pseudo-women and compelled into sexual slavery. With will and the co-operation of the guards this problem can be much reduced. I could not find any reliable statistics, but it seems that the problem is much less in Europe than in the US. However with the current trend to privatization the odds of the problem being solved are much reduced as it is cheaper to do nothing.

• "LGBT people in prison". Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_people_in_prison.
  
• "Transsexual Prisoners". National Center for Lesbian Rights. www.transgenderlaw.org/resources/prisoners.htm.
  
• prisonjustice.ca.
  
• Alana J. Davis. "Sexual Assaults in the Philadelphia Prison System and Sheriff's Vans". Trans-action, 6,2, 1968:8-17. Online at: www.wcl.american.edu/endsilence/documents/ladiesbehindbars.pdf.
  
• Len Clemmensen. Male gender dysphoria and criminality. University of Toronto, MA thesis, 1986.
  
• John M. Coggeshall. " "Ladies; behind bars: A Liminal Gender as cultural mirror". Anthropology Today, 4,4, 1988. Revised as "Those Who Surrender Are Female: Prison Gender Identities as Cultural Mirror" in Pamela R. Frese & John M. Coggeshall (eds). Transcending Boundaries: Multi-Disciplinary Approaches to the Study of Gender. New York: Bergin & Garvey, 1991. www.wcl.american.edu/endsilence/documents/ladiesbehindbars.pdf.
  
• Richard Green. Sexual Science and the Law. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1992:116-7.
  
• Richard Green. "Transsexualism and the law". Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 22, 1994:511-7.
  
• Richard Green. "American Law Does/Does Not Respond to the Transsexual". Gendys Conference, 1994. www.gender.org.uk/conf/1994/green.htm.
  
• Colloquy on European Law. Transsexualism, Medicine, and Law: Proceedings. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Pub, 1995.
  
• Maxine Petersen, Judith. Stephens, Robert Dickey, and Wendy Lewis. "Transsexuals within the Prison System: An International Survey of Correctional Services Policies". Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 14:219–229, 1996.
  
• Katherine Johnson & Stephanie Castle. Prisoner of Gender: A Transsexual and the System. Vancouver: Perceptions Press, 1997.
  
• Ian Burrell. "Murderer to get sex swap on the NHS". The Independent, 12 March 1999. www.independent.co.uk/news/murderer-to-get-sex-swap-on-the-nhs-1079940.html.
  
• Richard Linnett. “Why Her Warden Calls the Lady Mister”. Hustler Magazine. May 1999. Online at: www.geocities.ws/karenspecial/tgprison.html.
  
• barbara findlay. Transsexuals in Canadian Prisons: An equality analysis. Lavender Law, 1999. www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Transsexuals_in_Canadian_Prisons__An_Equality_Analysis.pdf.
  
• S. Goodchild. "Prison Inspector calls for Sex Change Ops". Independent on Sunday, 13 Feb 2000.
  
• Jessie Shafer (ed). TRIP JOURNAL. Transgendered Residing In Prisons, 1,1, Winter 2000. http://gicofcolo.org/Upload/TIP/PDF/2000/tip_2000_winter.pdf.
  
• Jake Blight. Transgender Inmates. Australian Institute of Criminology, September, 2000. www.aic.gov.au/documents/A/8/6/%7BA867CA37-BCA3-4AAF-8464-1EF0352658AD%7Dti168.pdf.
  
• Joshua Goldberg. Trans People in the Criminal Justice System A Guide for Criminal Justice Personnel. [New Westminster, B.C.]: Justice Institute of British Columbia, Centre for Leadership and Community Learning, 2003.
  
• C. Peek. "Breaking Out of the Prison Hierarchy: Transgender Prisoners, Rape, and The Eighth Amendment". Santa Clara Law Review, 2004, 44 : 1211-1247.
  
• Adam Liptak. "Ex-Inmate's Suit Offers View Into Sexual Slavery in Prisons". The New York Times, October 16, 2004. www.nytimes.com/2004/10/16/national/16rape.html.
  
• Alex Coolman, Lamar Glover & Kara Gotsch. Still in Danger: The Ongoing Threat of Sexual Violence against Transgender Prisoners. Los Angeles: ACLU, 2005. www.justdetention.org/pdf/stillindanger.pdf.
  
• Janet Baus, Dan Hunt & Reid Williams (dir). Cruel and Unusual. US 66 mins 2006. See below.
  
• "Transgender Prisoners, Identity, and Detention: Policy Recommendations". Human Rights Watch, March 1, 2006. www.outcast-films.com/films/cu/transgender_prisoners.pdf.
  
• Stephen Whittle, Lewis Turner & Maryam Al-Alami. "Chapter 1.5: InEqualities InAction: The case of the Prison Service disappearing Guidelines". Press For Change & Manchester Metropolitan University, February 2007: 12. www.pfc.org.uk/pdf/EngenderedPenalties.pdf.
  
• "Transgender Prisoners in Canada". Vancouver Prison Justice Day Committee, July 2007.
  
• Lewis Wallace. "Transgendered Behind Bars". In These Times, October 31, 2007. www.inthesetimes.com/article/3372/transgendered_behind_bars.
  
• Kalani Key. "How I Survived Men's Prison as a Woman: Dispatches from The Pen". New America Media, Nov 14, 2007. http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=21b4698eedc865fdaeec8f3845097ba9.
  
• transgenderinmate.blogspot.ca, 2008
  
• Alvin Lee. Trans Models in Prison: The Medicalization of Gender Identity and the Eighth Amendement Right to Sex Reassignment Therapy. Harvard Law School. 2008. www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jlg/vol312/447-472.pdf.
  
• Karen Franklin. "Prison pipeline for transgender youth". In the news: Forensic psychology, criminology, and psychology, March 26, 2008. http://forensicpsychologist.blogspot.ca/2008/03/prison-pipeline-for-transgender-youth.html.
  
• Regina Kunzel. "Lessons in Being Gay: Queer Encounters in Gay and Lesbian Prison Activism". Radical History Review, 100, Winter 2008. http://worldoftomoffinland.com/insider_trading_tof/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/queer-encounters-with-prison-activism-article.pdf.
  
• Benish A. Shah. "Lost in the Gender Maze: Placement of Transgender Inmates in the Prison System". Journal of Race, Gender and Ethnicity, 5,1, Fed 2010. www.tourolaw.edu/journalrge/uploads/issues/vol5issue1/shah_final.pdf.
  
• David Kaiser & Lovisa Stannow, "The Way to Stop Prison Rape". The New York Review of Books, 25 March 20102. www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/mar/25/the-way-to-stop-prison-rape.
  
• Jane Fay. "Comment: Prison Service must jail transgender criminals safely". Pink News, 14 Jan 2011. www.pinknews.co.uk/2011/01/14/comment-prison-service-must-jail-transgender-criminals-safely.
  
• Jill Filipovic. "Is the US the only country where more men are raped than women?: The figures on rape may be uncertain, but we could lower the sexual assault rate in American jails – if we had the political will". The Guardian, 21 February 2012. www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/feb/21/us-more-men-raped-than-women.
  
• Daniel Villarreal. "Welcome to Texas, prison rape capital of the U.S.". Dallas Voice, 22 Mar 2012. www.dallasvoice.com/texas-prison-rape-capital-u-s-10105138.html.
  
• Jillian T. Weiss. "Op-ed: The Complicated Rights of Transgender Prisoners". The Advocate, Oct 10 2012. www.advocate.com/commentary/2012/10/10/op-ed-complicated-rights-transgender-prisoners.
  
• Tali Woodward. "Life in Hell". San Francisco Bay Guardian, Online at: www.sfbg.com/40/24/cover_life.html.
  
• Vito Fun. "Tranny in a Man’s Jail: The New York Penal System Threw Our Friend Kira to the Wolves". Vice Beta. www.vice.com/read/tranny-in-a-man-s-jail-448-v17n6.
  

Trans in Prison: Part V: to the National Offender Management Service, New prison guidelines, 2011

Part I: to the conviction of Oscar Wilde
Part II: to Stonewall
Part III: to Farmer v. Brennan
Part IV: to the Synthia Kavanagh Human Rights Case
Part V: to the National Offender Management Service, New prison guidelines, 2011
Part VI: Comments & Bibliography

2000.	Cis woman Marilyn Shirley, drug possession, Federal Medical Center at Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas, was raped by a senior prison officer. She manage to hide her semen-stained sweatpants until she was released, and they were evidence. Officer Michael Miller was sentenced to 12 years.
2000-8.	Storme Aerison, in Colorado Mental Health Institute and then a men's jail for fraud.
2001.	John Pilley, convicted of kidnapping in 1981, was granted an NHS-funded operation in 2001 and transferred to HMP Holloway. In 2006, Pilley was requesting a change back.
	Robert Durst, charged with murder in Galveston, Texas, hired a good lawyer, admitted killing and dismemberment, but pleaded self-defense and was acquitted. He was convicted of bail jumping and evidence tampering, and sentenced to five years, and of carrying a gun across state lines while a fugitive, for an extra five and a half months.
	Richard Masbruch succeeded in castrating himself, and somehow started on female hormones. On transfer to the California penal system as Sherri was regarded as transgender, and was placed in the Central California Women’s Facility in Chowchilla. Sherri was thus the only prisoner in the US to be declared transgender and then transferred from a men's to a women's prison.
	Karūseru Maki, performer, Tokyo, was arrested for possession of drugs, and spent 41 days in a male jail because the family registry still listed her as male.
	Canadian Human Rights Tribunal ruled sex reassignment surgery an “essential medical treatment”.
2002.	Christine White pled guilty after firing five lawyers.
2003.	Canadian federal court agreed withe 2001 Human Rights Tribunal ruling.
	Lawrence v. Texas. Finally the US achieved a nation-wide decriminalization of sodomy, and hence homosexuality. Up to this time nine states−Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Utah and Virginia−still banned consensual sodomy without respect to the sex of those involved, and four−Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma and Missouri−prohibited same-sex couples from engaging in anal or oral sex.
	US Prison Rape Elimination Act, unanimously passed by congress, and even supported by the homophobic Focus on the Family, reduced the ability of corrections officers to remain wilfully unaware. Prisons are obliged to establish zero-tolerance re sexual assaults, provide data on the incidence of rape, and a review panel will determine the best and worst detention facilities. However the passing of this act was not followed by any decline in the prevalence of prisoner rape.
	Amara Vadillo, a Los Angeles porn star, killed a third party in a tussle over a gun. She was charged with Murder in the first degree, Murder in the second degree, Voluntary Manslaughter, Involuntary Manslaughter and an Armed Allegation charge, while the other person in the tussle was not charged. She was sentenced to 20 years to life for Second Degree Murder and an additional 25 years to life under an anti-sniping law. She is in the California Medical Facility prison at Vacaville.
	Maddison Hall, New South Wales, convicted of a 1987 murder. She declared herself to be transsexual, and was transferred to Mulawa Womens' Correctional Centre in 1999, before surgery. She apparently raped some inmates before surgery in 2003.
	Cis woman Amaravathee Denise Wilson, Durban KwaZula-Natal, arrested for armed robbery, was listed as "Denis" and regarded as a post-op transsexual. She was put in the male section of Westville Prison for 6 months where she was raped, sodomized and otherwise assaulted almost every day.
2004.	Group of trans inmates at CMF Vacaville, with some support from prison staff, drew up a reform proposal. They had a series of meetings with administrators, including, eventually, the warden. Then, in January 2005, there was a change in prison leadership and the project was sidelined. (Woodward)
2005.	Donna Konitzer, Wisconsin, was sentenced in 1994 to 123 years for armed robbery at the Wisconsin Prison in Winnebago. She was allowed to start hormones in 1999. In 2000 was sexually assaulted by a guard. Sued that she should be allowed a full transition.
	Roderick Johnson, Texas, navy veteran, cis gay man, was sentenced in 2000 for 18 months to the state Allred prison for burglary. He was seized as property by a gang within the prison who imposed a female name on him, forced him to do housework and rented him out as a sex slave at $5 or $10 a time, After release he sued the guards who refused to help him. The jury found in favor of the guards.
	Rikers Island prison, New York closed down its Category B section for those who declared themselves to be homosexual or appeared to be transgender. It was replaced by 23-hour-per-day lockdown.
	Rachel Tortolini was working as a prison doctor in Hawai’i. Jasmine Goode, Herefordshire, convicted of burglery.
2006.	Wisconsin legislators passed the Inmate Sex Change Prevention Act in response to Donna Konitzer. It prohibited “the payment of any funds or the use of any resources of this state or the payment of any federal funds passing through the state treasury to provide or to facilitate the provision of hormonal therapy or sexual reassignment surgery.”
	San Francisco-based Transgender, Gender Variant and Intersex Justice Project on rape in California prisons found that 59 percent of transgender people reported being sexually assaulted in prison in 2006, compared to 4 percent of the general prison population. (Wallace, 2007).
	Montréal drag queen Luc D’Arcy sentenced to 12 years in Florida for requesting sexual favours from teenagers while in drag. New York trustfunder, Diane Wells, convicted of misdemeanor assault after injuring her mother in an altercation over the will.  She served 60 days at Rikers Island.
	Spanish Socialist Workers Government introduced a new policy of respecting a prisoner's gender and changed name, and placing trans women in women's prisons.
2007.	Sandy-Jo Battista, who has completed his sentence for a 1983 rape, but is still incarcerated, offered to use an inheritance to pay for her sex-change, but was denied permission.
	Raven Navajo, of Las Vegas, killed a fellow drinker during a binge, and pleaded guilty despite the body never being found. Doing 10-to-life in a men's prison.
	Katherine Johnson, reconvicted for murder of her roommate, appealed to the Federal Court of Canada that she have a penectomy and be transferred to a women' prison. Christine White paroled.
	"InEqualities InAction: The case of the Prison Service disappearing Guidelines" by Whittle. Lewis & Al-Alami reports that HM prisons not recognizing Gender Recognition Certificates.
2008.	Alexis Giraldo, 2½ years for petty theft constituting a parole violation stemming from an earlier vehicular manslaughter, was raped by two inmates in 2006 at Folsom State Prison. She informed the guards and nothing was done. She sued. In 2007 San Francisco Superior Court dismissed the negligence claim before trial ruling that California law does not create a "special relationship" between jailers and inmates, but allowed the claim of intentional inflection of emotional distress to stand. The jury was hung. Giraldo was paroled in 2008. Later that year a state appeal court ruled that prison guards do owe their inmates a special duty of care, potentially exposing prison officials to negligence suits if they fail to protect their charges.
	Tania Veilleux, 40 months for sexually assaulting a child when she was a man, legally female under Quebec law and had been approved by the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec for surgery. She was two months in Tanguay, a facility for women, and then transferred to the Ste-Anne-des-Plaines federal prison for men because she is male under Correctional Service of Canada rules.
	Vincent Inametti, Roman Catholic Chaplin at Federal Medical Center at Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas, sentenced to 4 years for two counts of sexual abuse of female inmates. DB Karron,New York biomedical engineer, was accused of using part of a government grant to fund transgender surgery for herself and three others.  She served 15 months at the women's Federal Prison Camp Alderson in West Virginia.
2009.	An unnamed pre-op, (more) serving life for manslaughter of his boyfriend who refused to pay for operation, and attempted rape of a female shop assistant when out on licence, won a ruling, in accordance with Article 8 [the right to private and family life] under the European Convention on Human Rights, overriding Justice Secretary Jack Straw's decision that she should stay in a men's prison
	Thea Cox, Exeter, breached her suspended sentence by again robbing student flats, was spared jail.
	Veronica Baxter, Sydney, charged with supplying a prohibited drug. She was held at the NSW Silverwater Metropolitan Reception and Remand Centre, a maximum security jail for men, and was found dead 14 hours later. The location against the stated NSW policy 1999.
	Dione Kaeo-Tomaselli, intersex who had corrective surgery to female in 1998, was sentenced to 10 years. She was placed in Halawa Correctional Facility for men, despite complaining that she was a woman. She was raped in the two months before she was transferred to a women's facility. She sued in 2011.
	India. Naz Foundation v National Capital Territory of Delhi struck down much of Section 377 of the Indian penal Code as being unconstitutional.
2010.	Kenyan intersex Richard Muasya, convicted of robbery, harassed and badly treated in prison, was awarded Sh500,000, but his request for a third gender status was rejected. Denise Abbah, a cis woman, jailed in 2003 and thrown in a men's jail because of a clerical error, she sued for R100,000 compensation and was obliged to take a sex test.
	Jasmin Goode, serving 11 years for robbery in Leyhill open prison near Bristol, started transition with hormone patches.
	The Conservative Government of Canada ordered a halt to all funding for gender surgery for inmates.
	Laura Voyce, Merseyside, convicted of 14 counts of downloading indecent images of children, faced 9 months in prison but the judge felt that she could not be kept safe, and suspended the jail term and added 100 hours of community work.
	Jan Krause, Cheshire, who harassed her neighbour for six years, was sentenced to 12 weeks in prison, suspended for 18 months, plus a restraining order, 120 hours of community service and a curfew. The judge said that it would be unfair to send her to prison because she would have to to stay in solitary confinement.
	Italy opened a trans-only prison in Emploi, Tuscany. It is intended for the 30 prisoners previously in a special section of a prison in Florence.
2011.	Sandy-Jo Battista. US Court of Appeals ruled that she should get hormone therapy.
	Jovanie Saldana, who had been in the Philadelphia Riverside Correctional Facility for Women for armed robbery, complained about having to give oral sex to the guards. Investigation revealed that she is pre-op, and she was transferred to a men's prison.
	Fields v. Smith. Struck down the Wisconsin Inmate Sex Change Prevention Act as unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. In doing so, the Seventh Circuit laid the foundation for a powerful restriction on legislatures’ ability to enact prohibitions of medical treatments, a restriction that may apply not only to legislation affecting prisoners but also, via an analogous Fourteenth Amendment due process right, to legislation impacting the general public. This was confirmed in 2012 by the US Supreme Court.
	Vanessa Adams who was in a federal prison at Butner in North Carolina, was diagnosed with GID after admissions. The then policy of the US Bureau of Prisons was to provide hormone therapy only for those already on it. She made 19 written requests for treatment, all of which were denied, She attempted suicide and castrated herself. In 2009 she sued with the help of GLBT legal groups, and finally won a ruling that Ms Adams should be provided with the required treatment.
	Ophelia De’lonta, Virginia, 70 years for armed robbery, had won a court order in 2004 to receive hormonal therapy, attempted self-castration.
	Lyralisa Stevens, CMF Vacaville, 50 years for murder, had to have a brain tumor removed. This was believed to be connected to high level of female hormones. Reduced level to avoid this was too low for feminization. She sued that gender surgery was medically necessary. By 2011 had acquired attorneys but failed at the district appeals court.
	Cece McDonald, fashion student in Minnesota, and some friends were attacked by a group from a bar yelling racist and transphobic hate. One of the attackers died in the scuffle. Cece was the only one arrested. From hospital she was taken to a men's jail. She was charged with second-degree murder, and as a plea agreement pled guilty to second-degree manslaughter, and was sentenced to 41 months in St Cloud men's prison.
	Jean Morris, Bristol, convicted of possessing a Class C drug with intent to supply, was spared jail because it would interfere with her transition. Frances Harris, Brighton, convicted of fraud, spared jail in that nowhere safe to put her.
	US Bureau of Prisons announced new rules that trans inmates will be able to start hormone therapy while in prison. There are currently 48 US prisoners in BOP prisons who are recognized as having gender dysphoria.
	Cook County, Illinois, jail announced that it would now jail detainees according to gender identity rather than birth sex.
	England & Wales: National Offender Management Service, Ministry of Justice issued New prison guidelines for trans prisoners. Where to place a post-op without a Gender Recognition Certificate, a pre-op or a non-op with a GRC, a seriously committed pre-op etc. This is expected to end trans convicts avoiding prison because it is unclear where to send them. "An establishment must permit prisoners who consider themselves transsexual and wish to begin gender reassignment to live permanently in their acquired gender … the prisoner is considered to have the protected characteristic of gender reassignment for the purposes of the Equality Act 2010 and must not be discriminated against or harassed because of this … Establishments must put in place measures to manage the risk of transphobic harassment and transphobic hate crime … A male to female transsexual person with a gender recognition certificate may be refused location in the female estate only on security grounds – in other words, only when it can be demonstrated that other women with an equivalent security profile would also be held in the male estate … Before a prisoner is placed in custody, attempts must be made to determine which gender is recognised under UK law. This is a legal issue rather than an anatomical one, and under no circumstances should a physical search or examination be conducted for this purpose … There are some women who are guilty of violent crimes against other women and are still managed safely in the female estate. Any transsexual women with a gender recognition certificate who pose similar risks should be managed in a similar way in the female estate … some prisoners, such as female to male transsexual people with vaginas, may feel that they will be very vulnerable if placed in the estate of their acquired gender". www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/offenders/psipso/psi-2011/psi_2011_07_care_management_transsexual_prisoners.doc.
2012.	Following a series of articles in the New York Review of Books, the US Justice Department revised its estimate of prison rape. The new estimate, 216,000 exceeds rapes outside prison. Thus the US is the first county to count more rapes of men than of women.
	Equal Justice Initiative released a report on the frequent rape of inmates at Tutwiler Prison for Women in Alabama by the male corrections officers.
	Los Angeles Police announce separate detention facilities for transgender inmates. Chicago Police Department's new procedures mandates that perferred names and pronouns are to be used, derogatory language not be used; transpersons are to be transported and jailed alone when possible; access to hormones to continue; possession of needles alone not to be taken as evidence of crime. Tutwiler Prison for Women, Alabama. Equal Justice Initiative released a report on the frequent rape of inmates by the male corrections officers. Japanese Justice Ministry: Prisoners with GID can request a solitary cell, bathe alone, wear underwear and hair style of identity gender. US Supreme Court declined to hear Wisconsin's appeal of the ruling that struck down the Inmate Sex-change Prevention Act. The first year of English and Welsh prisoners being located by legal gender rather than genital status. Non-imprisonment of convicted trans persons for that reason alone has stopped.
	Toronto Don Jail. Guard transitioning on job. Kingston penitentiary. Supply officer transitioning on job. Breanna Bradley Manning, still yet suffering cruel and unusual punishment in a US military prison, was nominated by members of the Icelandic Parliament for the Nobel Peace Prize. He was finally charged, and a preliminary hearing held. the trial is due in 2013.
	Michelle Kosilek won a ruling in federal court that she should be provided sex change surgery.  but this was later suspended. However her lawyers were awarded $700,000 in legal fees. The team offered to dismiss their request for legal fees if the state drops the appeal and pays for the surgery.
	Carla Bruna, female impersonator, sued because put in female jail. Frances Harris, Brighton convicted of fraud again.   This time sentenced to 5 years in jail.
	Jasmine Goode released, appeared on Unsafe Sex in the City, BBC3, and had surgery. Glen Cooper, Whangarei, NZ, sentenced to 2 years 1 month in a men's jail for wounding with intent to injure. Ophelia De'Lonta, in a men's prison, sued again to obtain surgery. Nat Smith & Eric A. Stanley. Captive Genders: Trans Embodiment and the Prison Industrial Complex. Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2011. Review.
2013	Paris Green, Fife, convicted of murder, sent to women's prison, approved for transgender surgery, moved to another prison afer sex with other inmates. Walter L. Williams, anthropologist, author of The Spirit and the Flesh, pioneering account of North American two-spirit, accused of sexual predation in Philippines, arrested in Mexico, and imprisoned in Los Angeles. Chelsea Manning  (previously Breanna Bardley Manning) sentenced to 35 years in a US Military prison. Jesiah MacDonald, Nova Scotia, wanted to use the money from the marijuana to pay for his operation, spared jail time. Ashley Del Valle, in Savannah, arrested for exposing breasts, jailed with men. Kimberley Green, convicted wife killer, who does not choose to wear women's clothing, failed in suit to High Court to be allowed to wear a wig in prison. Harris County, Texas, the 3rd largest jail in the US, has adopted a policy of trans prisoners being houses according to gender identity, and addressing them accordingly. New Zealand Ministry of Corrections announced that the New Zealand Cabinet is to change the corrections rules in order to allow prisoners to be placed in a prison which matches the gender they identify with, rather than their birth gender.  Michelle Kosilek, Massachusettes convicted murderer, published her autobiography, Grace's Daughter. Tracy Clark-Flory. "America’s prisons fail transgender inmates". Salon, Aug 23, 2013. www.salon.com/2013/08/23/americas_prisons_fail_transgender_inmates. Jillian Keenan. "Getting Hormones and Surgery for Transgender Prisoners". The Atlantic, Aug 23 2013. www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/08/getting-hormones-and-surgery-for-transgender-prisoners/278998. "Targets for Abuse: Transgender Inmates and Prisoner Rape". Just Detention International, March 2013. www.justdetention.org/en/factsheets/TransgenderFactSheet.pdf.

Trans in Prison: Part IV: to the Synthia Kavanagh Human Rights Case

Part I: to the conviction of Oscar Wilde
Part II: to Stonewall
Part III: to Farmer v. Brennan
Part IV: to the Synthia Kavanagh Human Rights Case
Part V: to the National Offender Management Service, New prison guidelines, 2011
Part VI: Comments & Bibliography

1995.	Tai Wakefield, in HMP Parkhurst for murder of his uncle, and then of another inmate, applied for and was allowed to change sex. Transferred to New Hall prison for women, he met a woman also in for murder. They joined in a civil partnership in 2010.
	Leslie Nelson, Camden, New Jersey, shot two police officers, and wounded a third in a shootout at her parent's home after she refused to produce her AK-47. She pleaded guilty and was for a while the only transsexual on death row in the US in an all-male institution. After the New Jersey Supreme Court twice ruled that executing ‘such a mentally ill and psychologically disturbed person’ would be cruel and unusual punishment, she was sentenced to three life sentences, with a 65-year bar on parole. She was transferred to the Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women, in Clinton, New Jersey.
	Willow Arune was arrested in Bangkok having been involved with two Americans with forged documents.
1996.	Valerie Taylor was arrested in California and convicted the next year in South Carolina for a 1978 killing. She was sentenced to 15 years and served two. She served her time in the Leath Correctional Institute for Women.
	Petersen, Stephens, Dickey & Lewis surveyed correctional facilities in the EU, US, Canada and Australia and found that that only 40% had either formal or informal policies for trans persons; while more than half would not initiate hormone therapy, almost half would maintain a previously prescribed treatment; genital status was the overwhelming factor in determination of placement in either a men's or a women's facility. There was no consensus on the risk of physical or sexual assault.
	US Prison Litigation Reform Act greatly reduced the ability of inmates to bring civil claims in Federal Courts. Requires prisoners to exhaust all administrative remedies before filing a claim (even if this means seeking redress from the abuser), and demonstrate that they experienced physical harm prior to filing. It also limited attorney fees for representing prisoners, and barred prisoners from seeking damages for sexual harassment, invasions of privacy such as strip searching, and inappropriate sexual touching.
	London. After fraudulent investing that brought Morgan, Grenfell & Co. down, Investment manager Peter Young avoided trial on the fraud by becoming Elizabeth. A second trial re her being fit to stand trial found her schizophrenic, and that the 1964 Insanity Act pertained.
1997.	"A San Francisco Department of Public Health survey conducted in 1997 found that almost two thirds of MTF respondents had been incarcerated. More than 30 percent had spent some time behind bars during the preceding 12 months." (Quoted in Woodward)
	Peter Langan, white supremacist robber of 22 banks, life with a minimum of 35 years, under his male persona.
	Publication of Katherine Johnson's Prisoner of Gender, who was unable to obtain treatment even though in the same prisons as Synthia Kavanagh. Start of Christine White's bank robbery spree across Canada.
	China legalized homosexuality.
1998.	David Shayler was in a French prison for 3 months until the French courts decided that the UK extradition request was politically motivated and therefore not valid. Christine White caught after a high-speed chase.   Jeanne Hoff, last director of the Harry Benjamin Practice, who had transitioned in 1977, and become a psychiatrist at San Quentin prison, was in the news when she was the only one of three psychiatrists willing to testify that a murdered was competent to be executed.  Defense attorney attorney attempted to impeach her, but did not read her.
1999.	Torey South, served three years for robbery,first at the California Medical Facility in Vacaville where she was prescribed female hormones, and then the California Men's Colony in San Luis Obispo where she was denied them. She won a court ruling that the California Department of Corrections violated her constitutional right to be free of cruel and unusual punishment by deliberately withholding necessary medical care, ie female hormones.
	Dr Lori Kohler of San Francisco General Hospital started to visit the California Medical Facility in Vacaville every 6 weeks to enable trans inmates to get hormones. (Woodward)
	Singer Cristina Rodriguez of Madrid, convicted of arson as part of an insurance fraud, was sentenced to 3 years in a men's prison, where she was frequently raped. Her weight doubled from 60 to 122 kg, and she suffered obvious physical deterioration.
	Montréal prison guard, Claude-Marc Bardier arranged harassment of his colleagues so that he could get a full-time position. That he was female-bodied came out only after he was arrested. 26 months in a women's facility.
	Surgeon John Brown convicted of malice murder. He is in Soledad Prison.
	New South Wales: The Crimes (Administration of Sentences) Act states "any person received into the custody of the NSW Department of Corrective Services (DCS) who self-identifies as transgender has the right to be housed in a correctional facility appropriate to their gender of identification". It says: "Transgender inmates are to be managed according to their chosen gender of identification."
2000.	David Shayler was charged under the Official Secrets Act and sentenced to 6 months in prison, and served seven weeks.
	Kelly Denise Richards, Sussex, sentenced to 17 years for a post office raid in which the postmaster and his baby son were injured, having had surgery while in prison, transferred to a women's prison.
	Secretive cross-dresser and millionaire dermatologist in Boston, Richard Sharpe murdered his wife and sentenced to life imprisonment. In 2009 he managed to kill himself.
	Synthia Kavanagh killed her room mate, also trans, in 1985, in Toronto. The judge suggested that she serve her sentence in a woman's prison, but because she was pre-op she was sent to Millhaven Penitentiary. Maxine Petersen of the Clarke Institute refused to approve her for a sex-change as she could not do a real-life test. Synthia filed a human rights complaint, and had the operation in 2000.