A Blanchard-Binary Timeline – Part 2: 2001-10

Continued from Part 1. 

++= something added later 

 

2001

Anne Lawrence gets PhD from the Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Sexuality at San Francisco.

Kenneth Zucker takes over Archives of Sexual Behavior.
Anne Lawrence contributes to the 6^th version of HBIGDA SOC.

• Richard Ekins & Dave King. “Transgendering, Migrating and Love of Oneself as a Woman: A Contribution to a Sociology of Autogynephilia”. IJT 5,3, www.wpath.org/journal/www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/symposion/ijtvo05no03_01.htm. 
  Points out that autogynephilia in MTFs very similar to that in cis women. Use concept with ‘femaling’ modes. “In our judgement, our framework provides the conceptual wherewithal to unpack such issues in a way denied to the taxonomic, typological and diagnostic approach followed by Blanchard.”

2002

The CAMH GIC was awarded a Presidential Citation from Div 44 of the American Psychological Association.  Ray Blanchard accepted the award on behalf of CAMH

• Viviane K. Namaste. Invisible Lives: The Erasure of Transsexual and Transgendered People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Again, neither Blanchard nor autogynephilia mentioned in discussion of CAMH GIC. Reviewed here.

2003

• J. Michael Bailey. The Man Who Would Be Queen: the science of gender-bending and transsexualism. Washington: Joseph Henry; Oxford: Oxford Publicity Partnership. 256 pp 2003.  The Joseph Henry imprint is part of the National Academies Press. 

Ray Blanchard writes his one and only Amazon review in favour of Bailey’s book.  "Prof. Bailey's book, which is written for a general audience in a clear and accessible style, has the potential to bring the same reassurance to a much larger group of people."

The National Academies Press page quotes Anne Lawrence describing  Bailey’s book as "a wonderful book on an important subject", and Simon Levey that it is "Absolutely splendid".  www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10530.

Ray Blanchard and Anne Lawrence gave papers at the Third International Body Integrity Disorder Meeting in 2003 comparing BIID (apotemnophilia=desire to have a limb removed) to Gender identity disorder.  See overview by Andrea James.

HBIGDA criticizes the Bailey book.

Ray Blanchard resigns from HBIGDA, calling its criticism ‘appalling’.

Maxine Petersen resigns from HBIGDA in support.

Maxine Petersen testifies at Ontario Human Rights Tribunal re restoring funding for SRS.


Andrea James and Lynn Conway set up web pages to alert trans women about Bailey’s book.

Anjelica Kieltyka complains about how she was represented in Bailey’s book.

Willow Arune and others start Autogynephilia Yahoo group.

• Deirdre McCloskey. "Queer Science: A data-bending psychologist confirms what he already knew about gays and transsexuals". Reasononline. November 2003. http://reason.com/news/printer/28928.html.

• Lesbian right-winger Tammy Bruce used Anne Lawrence as one of her examples of 'moral vacuum' in her book, The Death of Right and Wrong: Exposing the Left's Assault on Our Culture and Values. Roseville, Calif: Forum: 92-4.
• 
  
• Dennis Rodkin.  "Sex and Transsexuals".  The Chicago Reader.  Dec 12.   http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Reader/Chicago%20Reader.12-12-03.html.  

2004

Joan Roughgarden writes open letter to the National Academy.  "I wonder if many psychologists fully grasp the image some of their colleagues are projecting---psychology as a discipline without standards, nourishing a clique of dumbly insensitive bigots. These psychologists don’t seek to help people, but to dominate them by controlling the definition of normalcy. Their bogus categories and made-up diseases are intended to subordinate, not to describe."

Lambda Literary Foundation nominated Bailey’s book as a finalist in the transgender category.

Christine Burns initiates an online petition which gathers thousand of signatures in just a few days., and the nomination was withdrawn

Jim Marks, Executive Director of LLF resigns.

J Michael Bailey steps down as Chair of Psychology program at Northwestern.

Kiira Triea sets up transkids.us with Jennifer Ross for HSTS women. Bailey and Lawrence immediately link to the site.

• Christine Burns.  "The Queen Who Won't Be Crowned".   http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Lambda%20Literary%20Foundation.html#Queen. 
• Willow Arune’s ”I am Arune” in reply to Lynn Conway.
• Ray Blanchard. “Origins of the Concept of Autogynephilia”. Feb 2004. www.autogynephilia.org/origins.htm.
• Paul McHugh. Surgical Sex”. First Things. 147, November 2004., 34-38. Online at: http://web.archive.org/web/20041126235726/http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0411/articles/mchugh.htm. "One group consisted of conflicted and guilt-ridden homosexual men who saw a sex-change as a way to resolve their conflicts over homosexuality by allowing them to behave sexually as females with men. The other group, mostly older men, consisted of heterosexual (and some bisexual) males who found intense sexual arousal in cross-dressing as females."

2005

++ Autogynephila Yahoo group closed for multiple violations of Terms of Service.  Rumour is that this was engineered by Jennifer Usher.

Lisanne Anderson sets up The Autogynephilia Resource.

• Richard J. Novic. Alice in Genderland: A Crossdresser Comes of Age. iUniverse, Inc 294 pp 2005. See also her online article: “The Two Types of Transwomen”. Though the Looking Glass. http://aliceingenderland.com/TheTwoTypesofTranswomen.html. 

"In my eye, we MTFs come in two varieties: started-out-straight and started-out-gay. Started-out-straight MTFs include crossdressers and most later-transitioning transsexuals, and our hallmarks are 1) We enjoy being women (and are deeply satisfied by anything that tells us that that’s what we’re doing). 2) We aren’t spontaneously and uncontrollably effeminate. 3) We’re attracted to women (whether we develop a fondness for men later on or not). 4) We gravitate toward business or technical careers. Started-out-gay MTFs include drag queens and most early-transitioning (say before 30) transsexuals. Their hallmarks are 1) They act like women and were effeminate from the start. 2) They don’t automatically love being women. If they’re well-received en femme, they seek it out. If not, they may be content to live more as drag queens or conventional gay men. 3) Most I’ve met will laugh off the idea of ever being attracted to a woman. 4) They gravitate toward people-oriented or creative careers."

• Ray Blanchard quoted: “A man without a penis has certain disadvantages in this world, and this is in reality what you're creating”. Jane Armstrong. “The Body within, the body without”. The Globe and Mail, 12 June 2004, p. F1. Online at: http://evalu8.org/staticpage?page=review&siteid=7950. 

2006

• Margaret McGhee “Autogynephilia: A Narrative”. http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/AG/AG%20-%20A%20Narrative.pdf.
• Paul McHugh. "Surgical Sex" reprinted in The Mind Has Mountains: Reflections on Society and Psychiatry. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p.221-2.

2007

Jennifer Usher and Diane Kearny, of the US Protestant HBS group, frequently use ‘autogynephile’ to mean non-HBS although they do not equate HBS and HSTS, and both HBS and HSTS are adamant that they are not the other.  "I do believe many today come from the behavioral mode of fetishism and through peer influence and/or as an extension of their own fetishism grow into what might well describe the autogynephilic not unlike the multitudes of the Lawrence's and Arune's in this world whom I suspect outnumber the true transsexual/HBS by an overwhelming number (Kearny-10/05/2009)".

Liberal government of Ontario reinstates partial funding of SRS under OHIP.

Kay Brown removes her Transsexual, Transgender, and Intersex History.

• Anne Lawrence. “A Critique of the Brain-Sex Theory of Transsexualism”. www.annelawrence.com/twr/brain-sex_critique.html. Argues that BSTc is likely a marker of autogynephilia.
• Joan Roughgarden. "The Bailey Affair, Again". Scientific Blogging. Aug 30, 2007. www.scientificblogging.com/joanroughgarden/the_bailey_affair_again.  "Bailey is as clueless about science and unrepentantly bigoted now as he was in 2004".
• Benedict Carey.  "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege".
  The New York Times, August 21. www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/health/psychology/21gender.html.  Presents Bailey as a honest researcher under attack.
   

2008

• Ray Blanchard. “Deconstructing the feminine essence narrative”. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 2008: 434–438.
• Alice D. Dreger. “The Controversy Surrounding The Man Who Would Be Queen: A Case History of the Politics of Science, Identity, and Sex in the Internet Age”. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2008, 37: 366-421. www.bioethics.northwestern.edu/faculty/work/dreger/controversy_tmwwbq.pdf.  Available online from 2007.  The major defence of Bailey's book. 
• Kelley Winters. “Autogynephilia: The Infallible Derogatory Hypothesis”. GID Reform Weblog. Nov 10,19, 2008. http://gidreform.wordpress.com/2008/11/10/autogynephilia-the-infallible-derogatory-hypothesis-part-1. http://gidreform.wordpress.com/2008/11/19/autogynephilia-the-infallible-derogatory-hypothesis-part-2.
• Curtis Hinkle suggests that Anne Lawrence wrote part of Bailey’s book. http://intersexusa.blogspot.com/2008/04/oii-investigation-part-2.html. 
• ++ Kelley Winters. Gender Madness in American Psychiatry: Essays from the Struggle for Dignity. Dillon, CO: GID Reform Advocates, 2008. 

2009

Ray Blanchard Chair of the paraphilia sub-working group for the new DSM-V.

Transkids site revived by Kay Brown writing as Cloudy. She also started a blog: On the Science of Changing Sex.  "I slept through the controversy surrounding the publication of The Man Who Would Be Queen. ... Prof. Bailey graciously gave me access to an online version of the book and I read it from front to back in nearly one sitting. Although I disagreed with several minor points, I felt I could have written the book myself. I agreed with each and every major point. Who wouldn't, if they knew what I know."

• Andrea James. “What motivates Ray Blanchard’s oppression of sex and gender minorities?”. Transsexual Road Map. 2 November 2009. www.tsroadmap.com/info/ray-blanchard-motivations.html.
• Larry Nuttbrock, Walter Bockting, Mona Mason, Sel Hwahng, Andrew Rosenblum, Monica Macri & Jeffrey Becker. “A Further Assessment of Blanchard’s Typology of Homosexual Versus Non-Homosexual or Autogynephilic Gender Dysphoria”. Archives of Sexual Behavior. April 2009. A Study of 571 trans women.
• Charles Moser. “Autogynephilia in Women”. Journal of Homosexuality. The first study of autogynephilia in cis women found that 28% are frequently so.
• Zagria “What is Autogynephilia?”. A Gender Variance Who’s Who. 22 March 2009. http://zagria.blogspot.com/2009/03/what-is-autogynephilia.html.  "Blanchard’s supporters applaud that he has increased the types of transsexual from one to two. His detractors are appalled that the wide variety of transsexuality has been reduced to two stereotypes".
• Jack Molay’s Confessions of an Autogynephiliac.

2010

Jack Molay renames his blog to Cross-dreamers.

Andrea James reveals that Cloudy is Kay Brown, author of Transsexual, Transgender, and Intersex History, and high tech entrepreneur.

• Anne Lawrence. “A Validation of Blanchard’s Typology: Comment on Nuttbrock et al . Archives of Sexual Behavior. March 2010.
• Larry Nuttbrock. “The Limitations of Blanchard’s Typology: A Response to Lawrence. Archives of Sexual Behavior. June 2010.
• Jesse Bering. “The Third Gender”. Scientific American. May 2010.
• Ophelia Bradley. ’They Need Labels’: Contemporary Institutional And Popular Frameworks For Gender Variance. MA Thesis. Georgia State University. Discusses AGP, HSTS and HBS persons using their blog names rather than their person names.
• Rose White’s book Harry Benjamin Syndrome Review constantly miswrites autogynephile as ‘autogyne’, and uses it as an insult while at the same time insisting that an HBS woman is obsessed with clothes and makeup.
• Alice Novic.  "Autogynephilia: An Illuminating, Gut-Wrenching Conversation with Ray Blanchard, Ph.D.".   Crossdreamers.  Oct 22, 2010. www.crossdreamers.com/2010/10/autogynephilia-illuminating-gut.html.  "Am I angry with Ray Blanchard? A little bit, for being such an old stick in the mud, because I think he could change his term for us without compromising his principles. He is no transgender activist, not even one bit. He has not given us useful slogans stamped with seal of science that we can take to our wives and our congressmen. But he is a scientist who has devoted a large chunk of his career to the rigorous study of us, a rather small, not terribly well funded group of people. And for that I am thankful, very thankful."
• Julia M. Serano. ‘The Case Against Autogynephilia.’ International Journal of Transgenderism, 12:3, 176-187.  "If proponents of autogynephilia insist that every exception to the model is due to misreporting, then autogynephilia theory must be rejected on the grounds that it is unfalsifiable and therefore unscientific. If, on the other hand, we accept that these exceptions are legitimate, then it is clear that autogynephilia theory’s two-subtype taxonomy does not hold true." 

A Blanchard-Binary Timeline – Part 1: to 2000

See also my essay: What is Autogynephilia?

This is intended as a broad overview.  For Lynn Conway's timeline that concentrates on the events of 2003-7  see Here.

++ = added later

1910

• Magnus Hirschfeld. Die Transvestiten; ein Untersuchung uber den erotischen Verkleidungstrieb: mit umfangreichem casuistischen und historischen Material. Berlin: Pulvermacher, 562, vi pp1910. Hirschfeld takes the existing word ‘transvestite’, redefines it as an erotic activity and divides the transvestites by sexual orientation. Available in German only until 1991.

1912

Arnold Lowman born.

1914

Kurt Freund born.

1920

Betty Steiner born.

1921

Edward Westall born.

1930

• Otto Fenichel .”The psychology of transvestism”. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 11, 211–227. 

1931

Paul McHugh born.

1936

• Magnus Hirschfeld revised by Arthur Koestler and Norman Haire. Sexual Anomalies And Perversions: Physical And Psychological Development And Treatment - A Summary Of The Works Of The Late Dr Magnus Hirschfeld. Francis Aldor Publisher, 1936. Emerson Books,1948. Until the 1991 translation of Die Transvestiten, this is the Hirschfeld book used by most English sexologists.

1941

Arnold Lowman’s first marriage.

1945

Ray Blanchard born.

William Orobko born.

Edward Westall marries a Canadian, moves to Hamilton, Ontario, becomes a school teacher.

1947

Arnold Lowman’s second marriage.

• B. Karpman. “Dream life in a case of transvestism with particular attention to the problem of latent homosexuality”. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 106, 292–337. 

1950

Anne Lawrence born.

1951

Anjelica Kieltyka born.

Denise Magner born.

1955

Lisanne Anderson born.

? Lem Clemmensen born

1957

Kay Brown born.

J Michael Bailey born.

1960

Arnold Lowman, as Virginia Prince, started Transvestia magazine.

1961

Arnold Lowman convicted of sending obscene material through the mail.

1962

Virginia Prince met twice a month with psychiatrist Robert Stoller. This would continue for 29 years.

1963

Richard Novic born.

1968

Failed Czechoslovak rising. Kurt Freund leaves for Canada.

Virginia Prince appeared on television.

• Robert Stoller. Sex and Gender. London: Hogarth. ‘Homosexual early transitioner’ came to be the more accepted usage for Primary.  

1969

Clarke Institute of Psychiatry Gender Indentity Clinic founded on a part-time basis, Betty Steiner director.

Jennifer Ross born.

• H. Taylor Buckner. “The Transvestic Career Path”. Read at the American Sociological Association annual meeting. San Francisco, September, 1969. Psychiatry. Vol.: 33, No. 3. August,1970: 381-389. Online at: www.tbuckner.com/TRANSVES.HTM. 

1971

Archives of Sexual Behavior founded by Richard Green.

• Virginia Prince. How To Be A Woman Though Male. Sandy Thomas Publications 193 pp. 

1972

Georges Zavitzianos proposes the term 'homeovestite'.  Despite its similarity to autogynephilia in women, Blanchard will never address the term.

1973

Ray Blanchard completes his PhD, and moves to Canada.

Edward Westall separates from his wife.

• Thomas Kando. Sex Change; The Achievement of Gender Identity Among Feminized Transsexuals. Springfield, Ill: Thomas. By limiting his sample to recently transitioned transsexuals, Kando creates a picture that will later be compared to autogynephilia. 

1974

Denise Magner has surgery at Johns Hopkins GIC.

• Jan Morris. Conundrum. London: Faber. The best-selling autobiography written in her immediately post-op euphoria phase contributes to the false image that Kando initiated.
• Ethel Person and Lionel Ovesey. “The transsexual syndrome in males. I. Primary transsexualism”. American. Journal of Psychotherapy 28; 174-193.
• Ethel Person and Lionel Ovesey. “The transsexual syndrome in males. II. Secondary transsexualism”. American. Journal of Psychotherapy 28; 4-20. They designated a Primary Transsexual as one who is functionally asexual and who progresses resolutely toward a surgical resolution without significant deviation toward either homosexuality or heterosexuality. They define a Secondary Transsexual as one who is a homosexual and effeminate from early childhood into adulthood. Within the Secondary classification they identified two sub-classes: Homosexual transsexualism and Transvestitic transsexualism. 

1975

Paul McHugh appointed head psychiatrist at Johns Hopkins University.

The Clarke Institute Gender Identity Clinic becomes full-time with the blessing of the Ontario Ministry of Health

1976

Ray Blanchard becomes a clinical psychologist at the Ontario Correctional Institute in Brampton, where he meets Kurt Freund.

1977

Edward Westall becomes Susan Huxford, and is accepted by the Clarke GIC.

1979

Paul McHugh closes the Johns Hopkins GIC.

• Janice Raymond. The Transsexual Empire. Boston: Beacon Press: Chp III draws on Kando and Morris to describe all transsexuals as if they are similar to autogynephiles. Blanchard never refers to this book in print. 

1980

Ray Blanchard starts at the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry.

Susan Huxford has SRS courtesy of the Clarke GIC.

Kay Brown has SRS courtesy of Dr Biber.

1982

Susan Huxford becomes director of FACT.

• Kurt Freund, Betty W. Steiner, & S. Chan, “Two types of cross-gender identity”. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 11, 49–63. 

1985

Zagria applies to and is rejected by the Clarke GIC

• Betty W. Steiner (ed) . Gender Dysphoria: Development, Research, Management. New York & London: Plenum Press. The full model HSTS-Autogynephilia is explained.

1986

FACT re-organizes as Transition Toronto in rebellion against Susan Huxford.

• Frederick L. Whitam and Robin M. Mathy. Male Homosexuality in Four Societies: Brazil, Guatemala, the Philippines, and the United States. New York: Praeger.   Like Freund & Blanchard, Whitam divides trans persons into two types based on sexual orientation and stereotypes them in a similar way.  Neither Blanchard nor his acolytes ever mention this book.

1989

Anne Lawrence marries.

J Michael Bailey becomes professor of Psychology at Northwestern University.

• Ray Blanchard. “The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria”. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 616-623. 

1990

• Ray Blanchard & Betty W. Steiner (eds.). Clinical management of gender identity disorders in children and adults. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.  Includes a paper on "Gender Identity Disorders in Adult Women" by Blanchard where he does recognize some heterosexual women (i.e. gay trans men), but only the four cases published in psychiatric journals.  Lou Sullivan is still being ignored.

1991

Lem Clemmensen, Clarke GIC Coordinator, transitions to become Maxine Petersen.

• Emily S.Apter. Feminizing the Fetish: Psychoanalysis and Narrative Obsession in Turn-of-the-Century France. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991. The first major book refuting the nonsense idea that woman cannot be fetishistic.
• Magnus Hirschfeld translated into English by Michael A Lombardi-Nash. Tranvestites: The Erotic urge to Crossdress. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. 424 pp. 81 years later, this essential book is finally available in English. 

1992

Anjelica Keiltyka transitions.

1993

• Louise J. Kaplan Female Perversions: The Temptations of Emma Bovary. New York: Doubleday, 1991. London: Penguin 1993. While written according to the conventions of psychoanalysis, a clear demonstration that women can be fetishistic. 

1994

Ray Blanchard on the gender dysphoria sub-working group for the DSM-IV, 1994.



Denise Magner active as Kiira Triea in Hermaphrodites with Attitude, a publication of the Intersex Society of North America.

Betty Steiner and her husband die from fumes from car running in their garage.

1995

Kurt Freund retires. Ray Blanchard becomes Head of Clinical Sexology Services at the Clarke Institute.

Viviane Namaste funded by Health Canada to do needs assessment for trans persons in Toronto. Of her sample of 33, 19 were enrolled at the Clarke GIC. No mention of either Blanchard or Autogynephila.

Progressive Conservative Party under Mike Harris become the government of Ontario, with an item in their manifesto that they would discontinue funding under the provincial health plan for SRS.

Anne Lawrence transitions at work, separates from wife, observes Dr Meltzer do a SRS.

William Orobko arrested in Thailand.

• Vivianne Namaste.  Access Denied:  A Report on the Experiences of Transsexuals and Transgenderists with Health Care and Social Services in Ontario.   Commissioned by CLGRO: Project Affirmation, July, 1995.  www.clgro.org/pdf/Access_Denied.pdf.
• J. N., Zhou, M. A. Hofman, L. J Gooren, & D. F Swaab. “A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality”. Nature, 378, 68-70. 6 deceased trans women had a small ‘female sized’ BSTc in their brain. Three were gynephilic, 1 bi, 2 androphilic, all started hormones 35 or later. Online at: www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtc0106.htm.
• Lorraine Ganman & Merja Makinen. Female Fetishism. London: Lawrence & Wishart 1994. New York: New York University Press 1995. 

1996

Kurt Freund, suffering from lung cancer, takes his own life.

Anne Lawrence has SRS with Dr Meltzer.

++ Kay Brown meets Anne Lawrence, but feels that the distinction of the two types is largely unimportant to the needs of the community.

1997

Anne Lawrence resigns after unauthorized vaginal inspection of unconscious patient.

++ Anne Lawrence, Ray Blanchard,  Kiira Triea, Bo Laurent, Heike Boedecker, Anne Fausto-Sterling, Milton Diamond, Suzanne Kessler active in Michael Bailey's non-public discussion list SEXNET.

Kay Brown starts her Transsexual, Transgender, and Intersex History.  No mention of Blanchard or anything similar.

• Frederick L. Whitam “Culturally Universal Aspects of Male Homosexual Transvestites and Transsexuals”. In Bonnie Bullough, Vern Bullough & James Elias (eds). Gender Blending. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. 1997. 

1998

Suspension of Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) funding for gender surgery.


Jennifer Ross transitions with the Clarke GIC.

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) formed from a merger of the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, the Addiction Research Foundation and the Queen Street Mental Health Centre.

William Orobko transitions to Willow Arune.

Maxine Petersen contributes to the 5^th version of HBIGDA SOC.

Maxine Petersen reviews Holly Devor's FTM: Female-to-Male Transsexuals in Society, and discovers autoandrophiles.

• Becky Allison. “Janice Raymond and Autogynephilia”. Dec 16, 1998 www.drbecky.com/raymond.html. 

1999

Michelle Josef’s lawsuit to get gender surgery relisted under the Ontario Health Insurance Plan is supported by Ray Blanchard.

Anne Lawrence works with Andrea James on possible book.

Anne Lawrence gives two papers at the 16th Biennial Harry Benjamin Conference in London. Richard Ekins & Dave King incorporate her ideas into their concept of ‘erotic femaling’.

++ Kay Brown and Lynn Conway meet and discuss the two-type taxonomy.

2000

Kay Brown suspends her Transsexual, Transgender, and Intersex History.

Robert Dicky and Maxine Petersen of the CAMH GIC denied Synthia Kavanagh approval for SRS in that, being in prison, she could not do a Real Life Test.

• Ray Blanchard. “Autogynephilia and the Taxonomy of Gender Identity Disorders in Biological Males”. International Academy of Sex Research. Paris 2000. 

Continued in Part 2.

I have disabled comments here.  Please add your comments to Part 2.

Susan Huxford-Westall (1921 – 2009) school teacher.

Edward Westall was born in Portsmouth. When he was 10, the year that Susan later remembered as when Ted started cross-dressing, the family moved to London.

In 1938 he won a two-week trip to Canada from the W.H. Rhodes Educational Trust. He arrived back in England just four hours before the UK declared war in September 1939. On the ship he met Edith from Hamilton, Ontario.

As soon as he was 18, Ted joined the Royal Corps of Signals. He and Edith became engaged in 1941, and he spent the rest of the war in India as a staff officer.

Ted and Edith married in June 1945. While the pregnant Edith was visiting Hamilton, Ted enquired about emigration to Ontario, was accepted, and completed his teacher training at the Hamilton Normal School. He went on to teach chemistry, geography, mathematics and music. He was also a lay-reader in the Anglican Church.

Dealing with a growing desire to be female, he separated from his wife in 1974, and they were divorced three years later, the year that he retired from teaching.

As Susan Huxford (Huxford was her mother’s maiden name) Westall moved to Toronto, and was accepted into the program at the Gender Identity Clinic of the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry and had surgery in 1980.

She moved back to Hamilton in 1982, the same year as she took over from Rupert Raj as Director of FACT. She renamed it from 'Foundation for the Advancement of Canadian Transsexuals' to 'Federation of American and Canadian Transsexuals', although she claimed to dislike the term ‘transsexual’, and preferred to be regarded as a ‘gender dysphoric’. Her wife and one of her daughters broke off contact with her.

Susan Huxford, centre

Susan ran FACT in an authoritarian fashion, got on well with Betty Steiner, the head of the Clarke Institute GIC, and acted more as an agent of the Clarke Institute Gender Clinic, than on the behalf of members. She advocated an old-fashioned concept of femininity. She withheld information in the meetings and in the newsletter, and also ran a separate counselling service, Gender Serve, for which she charged, although she was not qualified as a counsellor.

After FACT imploded and re-organized without her in 1986, she tried to restart another group with an exclusion of gays, and where members were vetted.

Later she directed her energies into the Anglican Church in Hamilton and changed her name to Susan Huxford-Westall. Edith died in 2005, and Susan moved back into the family home.

Susan died at age 87.

• John Fitzgerald. “Transsexuals tread a path fraught with doubt, pain”. The Globe and Mail. Oct 27, 1983.
• Ian Brown. “Altered States”. The Globe and Mail. Nov 15, 1986.
• Fran Darlington. “Getting to know you: Susan Huxford-Westall”. Niagara Anglican Online. May 2008. http://www.niagara.anglican.ca/newspaper/article.cfm?article=Getting%20to%20know%20you%3A%20Susan%20Huxford-Westall.
• Paul Wilson. “A most remarkable Anglican: Susan Westall kept the faith as she challenged the church”. The Hamilton Spectator. May 04, 2009. www.thespec.com/article/559674.
• Claude Forand.  "Changer de sexe: difficile mais satisfaisant".  In Agence Science-Presse.  Le Sexe de la science.  Éditions Multimondes Inc, 2003: 99-100.  

Michelle Ann Duff (1939 - 2025) Motorcycle racer.

With Kristen Worley, Michelle Dumaresq and Alana Hardie, Canada is becoming known for its transgender sportspersons. But the grandmother of them all is Michelle Duff who won the Belgian Motorcycle Grand Prix in 1964 before the others were even born.
____________________

Michael Alan Duff was born in Toronto. He was a competitive motorcycle racer 1955-69, mainly on the European Grand Prix circuits.

In 1963 he married a Finnish woman and had a son with her the same year, and daughter two years

later. In 1964-5, he rode under contract for Yahama. He won the Belgian Grand Prix 1964 at a record average speed. In 1965 he broke his pelvis and left hip joint during testing and was six months in hospital.

In 1967 he stopped professional racing, separated from his wife, and moved to California to become an associate editor of Cycle World. He still did some racing, and in 1969 won the Eastern Canadian Championship. From 1970-8 he ran a Yamaha dealership. He also remarried and had another son. From 1978-84 he worked doing specialized machine-shop work in the Greater Toronto area.

In 1984 Michael became Michelle and commenced transition. She separated from her wife, moved to down-town Toronto to start living as a woman, and became involved with the transsexual group FACT-Toronto. She completed transitioned in 1987: surgeon Michel Seghers in Brussels.

She published her autobiography in 1999, and in 2000 moved to an isolated cottage in central Ontario. She is also a photographer and writer of children’s fiction. In 2009 she published two young-adult titles about animals.

She lived to the age of 85. 

*Not Michael Duff the physicist, nor the Northern Ireland footballer, nor the baronet, nor the New Zealand journalist.

• Michelle Ann Duff. The Mike Duff Story: Make Haste Slowly. Toronto: mad8 Pub., 366pp 1999.
• Michelle Ann Duff. Michelle Duff - A career with a twist www.ttwebsite.com/features/0280.php
• Make Haste, Slowly: The Mike Duff Story By Michelle Ann Duff - www.mcb.net/amulree/duff.html
• Life After Transition - www.cbc.ca/fifth/becomingayden/trans.html
• Michelle Ann Duff, illustrated by Kathy Kaiser. Serial Number 6218. Toronto: mad8 Pub., 36 nd. A child’s story from the point of view of a motorbike.
•  Michelle Ann Duff. Jennifer's Boots: Son of Big Black. mad8 Publishing.  2009.
• Michelle Ann Duff.  Mikita: A Legacy Earned.  mad8 Publishing.  2009.
• www.michelle-duff.ca

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